4. MODAL VERB COULD (FOR REQUEST)

4.1 DEFINITION
4.2 FUNCTIONS
4.3 STRUCTURE
4.4 EXAMPLES

EXERCISES.
Could you? English Conversation Practice

INSTRUCTION: Underline the correct answer. Subraya la respuesta correcta.

Could you tell me how much it costs?

 I'm sorry. I'll try to speak louder.
 That model is $100
 I'm sorry, I'll try not to speak so fast.

---

Could I use your phone?

 I'm sorry. I'll try to speak louder.
 Of course. Dial a 9 to get an outside line.
 I'm sorry, I'll try not to speak so fast.

---

Excuse me, could I have some information?

 I'm sorry. I'll try to speak louder.
 0121 658 3659.
 Yes, how can I help you? What do you want to know?

---

Could you send me confirmation?

 I'm sorry. I'll try to speak louder.
 Of course, I'll do it now. You'll get it in the post tomorrow.
 I'm sorry, I'll try not to speak so fast.

---

Could I speak to Mr Dupont, please?

 Yes, of course, we can start again tomorrow.
 Of course, that's H - O - D - G - S - O - N.
 Certainly, who's calling?

---

Could I leave him a message?

 Certainly, could you wait a moment while I get a pen and paper?
 Sorry, I'm off to the airport in a few minutes.
 Sure, what would you like me to do?

---

Could you give me your number, please?

 0121 658 3659.
 Yes I give, 0121 658 3659.
 Yes I could, 0121 658 3659.

---

Could I have a receipt, please?

 Of course, do you want the VAT separated?
 Of course, that's H - O - D - G - S - O - N.
 I'm sorry, I'll try not to speak so fast.

---

Could I have a glass of water, please?

 Yes thank you.
 Evian?
 No thank you.

---

Could I smoke here?

 I'm sorry you can't smoke in the building.
 I like smoking.
 I don't like smoking.

---

Could you get us some coffee please?

 No I can't.
 No I couldn't.
 I'm sorry but there isn't any.

---

Could you call me back?

 Sorry, I'm off to the airport in a few minutes.
 Certainly. Would you like a newspaper?
 I'm sorry, I'll try not to speak so fast.

---

Could you give me a wake-up call at 7.30?

 Yes, of course, we can start again tomorrow.
 Certainly. Would you like a newspaper?
 I'm sorry, I'll try not to speak so fast.

---

Could you speak up, please?

 I'm sorry. I'll try to speak louder.
 Sorry, I'm off to the airport in a few minutes.
 No I couldn't.

---

Could you help me?

 I'm sorry. I'll try to speak louder.
 Certainly. Would you like a newspaper?
 Sure, what would you like me to do?

---

Could you give me a hand?

 Of course, what do you want doing?
 Of course, that's very far.
 I'm sorry, I'll try not to speak so fast.

---

Could you spell that, please?

 Yes, of course, we can start again tomorrow.
 Sure, what would you like me to do?
 That's H-O-D-G-S-O-N.

---

Could you repeat that, please?

 Of course, what do you want doing?
 Of course, that's H - O - D - G - S - O - N.
 Sure, what would you like me to do?

---

Could you speak more slowly, please?

 Of course, what do you want doing?
 Yes, of course, we can start again tomorrow.
 I'm sorry, I'll try not to speak so fast.

---

Could we stop now, I'm getting a bit tired?

 Of course, what do you want doing?
 Yes, of course, we can start again tomorrow.
 I'm sorry, I'll try not to speak so fast.

5. USED TO

5.1 DEFINITION
5.2 FUNCTIONS
5.3 STRUCTURE (AFFIRMATIVE, NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE FORM)
5.4 EXAMPLES

EXERCISES.

Used to Exercise 1

Make an affirmative sentence, negative sentence or question using 'used to + infinitive'. Translate the sentences.

Elabora oraciones afirmativas, negativas e interrogativas usando el "used to" + verbo en infinitivo y traduce las oraciones.

1) I / live in a flat when I was a child. [ . ]
2) We / go to the beach every summer? [ . ]
3) She / love eating chocolate, but now she hates it [ . ]
4) He / not / smoke [ . ]
5) I / play tennis when I was at school [ . ]
6) She / be able to speak French, but she has forgotten it all [ . ]
7) He / play golf every weekend? [ . ]
8) They both / have short hair [ . ]
9) Julie / study Portuguese [ . ]
10) I / not / hate school

Exercise 2 - used to

Complete the sentences with the the correct form of "used to" + verb. Translate them.

Completa las oraciones con la forma correcta del "used to" + verbo y tradúcelas.

1. I  (swim) a lot when I was younger.
2. John  (not eat) vegetables, but now he eats them.
3.  (they / have) a sports car?
4. That building  (be) a cinema, but it's closed down.
5. We  (not like) maths lessons - our teacher was horrible!
6. Where  (you / go) to school?
7. You  (live) next door to me.
8. I  (not enjoy) studying, but I do now.

SIMPLE PAST OF REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS

¿Qué es el verbo?

El verbo es una acción que realiza el sujeto, también se puede definir como un estado del sujeto. Por ejemplo:

- María canta una canción (el verbo canta demuestra una acción del sujeto)

- Pedro es mi profesor de baile (el verbo es demuestra un estado del sujeto)

Los verbos se dividen en 2 grupos:

Verbos Regulares.- Los verbos Regulares en idioma Inglés son aquellos que para formar su tiempo pasado solo necesitan el agregado de ED al tiempo presente. Ejemplo: 

TIEMPO PRESENTE	TIEMPO PASADO
I work = Yo trabajo I walk  = Yo camino I jump = Yo salto I cook = Yo cocino I open = Yo abro I close = Yo cierro	I worked = Yo trabajé I walked = Yo caminé I jumped = Yo salté I cooked = Yo cociné I opened = Yo abrí I closed = Yo cerré

Si el verbo terminara en  E como en el Verbo close, para formar el tiempo pasado solo le agregamos una D y no ED

Como notarás es muy simple, solo necesitas memorizar el verbo en Tiempo Presente, luego le agregarás  ED para formar el Tiempo Pasado,  sin olvidar recordar su significado y practicar la pronunciación. Así de facil.

Verbos Irregulares.-  Los verbos Irregulares en cambio, difieren totalmente de su estructura de Tiempo Presente, debido a que cuando tu necesites escribir o hablar en tiempo pasado deberás memorizar el mismo en ese tiempo verbal. Por lo tanto, en los Verbos Irregulares debes memorizar tanto el Tiempo Presente así como el Tiempo Pasado. Ejemplo:

Cuando hablamos en Tiempo Presente escribiremos y pronunciaremos de una forma pero cuando estemos hablando en Tiempo Pasado, escribiremos y pronunciaremos de manera distinta.

 Esa es la diferencia fundamental entre Verbos Regulares y Verbos Irregulares en Idioma Inglés. Recuérdalo.

2.2 Auxiliar DID: usos, significado y ejemplos en inglés

Did es un auxiliar que se usa en inglés en el tiempo verbal llamado pasado simple.

¿Qué significa y cómo usamos el auxiliar DID?

Esto va a sonar un poco raro, pero la verdad es que no significa absolutamente NADA.

Ahora te debes estar preguntando:

 ¿Pero entonces por qué usamos DID en inglés si no significada nada?

La respuesta es: no tiene una traducción al español, pero es útil para la gramática del inglés. Veamos dos ejemplos para clarificar:

Ejemplo 1:

Did he write this letter? / ¿Él escribió esta carta?

En la frase anterior, podemos traducir todas las palabras, excepto el auxiliar did:

• He: él
• Write: escribir
• This: esta
• Letter: carta

Ejemplo 2:

I did not eat yesterday / Yo no comí ayer

• I: Yo
• Not: no
• Eat: comer
• Yesterday: ayer

En las dos oraciones anteriores el auxiliar DID no significa nada (como ya vimos), entonces:

 ¿Para qué usamos el auxiliar DID?

Lo usamos por una simple, pero, a la vez, poderosa razón: para formar la estructura correcta de las oraciones interrogativas y las oraciones negativas en el pasado simple en inglés.

¿Qué ocurre si lo omitimos?

Si no se usa, las oraciones carecen de sentido gramatical y son incorrectas. Es obligatorio.

 ¿Lo usamos en afirmativo, negativo e interrogativo?

NO. Sólo en frases interrogativas y negativas.

 ¿Por qué no se puede usar en afirmativo?

Porque para el afirmativo en pasado simple el verbo cambia a su forma del pasado. Vamos a ver tres ejemplos, compara las estructuras:

1. + She bought a gift / Ella compró un regalo– She did not buy a gift / Ella no compró un regalo? Did she buy a gift? / ¿Ella compró un regalo?

2. + I called you yesterday / Te llamé ayer– I did not call you yesterday / No te llamé ayer? Did I call you yesterday? / ¿Te llamé ayer?

3. + They cooked last week / Ellos cocinaron la semana pasada– They did not cook last week / Ellos no cocinaron la semana pasada? Did they cook last week? / ¿Ellos cocinaron la semana pasada?

Si analizamos los tres ejemplos, podemos notar que no usamos DID en oraciones afirmativas.

Entiendo, pero he visto que esta palabra se encuentra en algunas frases afirmativas, por ejemplo:

• You did a good job / Hiciste un buen trabajo

¿Es esta oración correcta?

Sí es correcta. En este caso, DID no es una auxiliar, sino el verbo central de la oración. Su significado en español como verbo es HACER. Entonces cuando DID es el verbo de la oración, es correcto:

• I did homework / Hice la tarea
• He did me a favor / Me hizo un favor
• We did the shopping / Hicimos las compras

 Al hablar en pasado en oraciones afirmativas, no combines Did con otros verbos porque es incorrecto:

• I did called you yesterday (No tiene sentido)
• I did call you yesterday (No tiene sentido)
• I called you yesterday / Te llamé ayer (Oración correcta)

¿Cuál es la diferencia entre Did not y Didn’t?

No existe ninguna diferencia. Lo único es que DID NOT se utiliza en escritos formales, y DIDN’T en conversaciones y formas escritas informales como Whatsapp. Las siguientes oraciones significan lo mismo:

• She did not read the report / Ella no leyó el informe
• She didn’t read the report / Ella no leyó el informe

EXRCISES

EXERCISE No.1 Put the verb in brackets in the correct simple past form. Note that some of these verbs are REGULAR and some are IRREGULAR. TRANSLATE THE TEXT.

ESCRIBE LOS VERBOS ENTRE PARÉNTESIS EN LA FORMA CORRECTA DEL PASADO SIMPLE. NOTA QUE ALGUNOS DE ESOS VERBOS SON REGULARES Y ALGUNOS SON IRREGULARES. TRADUCE EL TEXTO.

Emily Carr, British Columbia's most famous artist,  (be) born in 1871. Her parents  (die) when she was still a teenager. She  (study) art in San Francisco and Paris, but when she  (come) back to Victoria, she  (keep) a house called "The House of All Sorts", where she  (be) the landlady. Many years later, she  (begin) painting again. To find subjects for her paintings, she  (take) trips into the forests of British Columbia, and she often (meet) with the First Nations people and  (paint) them too. Emily Carr also  (write) several books, and she  (win) the Governor General's Award for one of them.

EXERCISE 2. SOLVE THE CROSSWORD WITH THE CORRECT FORM OF SIMPLE PAST. RESUELVE EL CRUCIGRAMA CON LA FORMA CORRECTA DEL PASADO SIMPLE.

1  

2  

3  

4  

5  

6  

7  

8  

9  

10  

11  

Across

1. 1. go
2. 2. sit
3. 4. collect
4. 8. look
5. 10. come
6. 11. do

Down

1. 1. watch
2. 3. ask
3. 5. listen
4. 6. play
5. 7. buy
6. 9. have

EXERCISE No.3 CONVERT THE FOLLOWING TO NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES. TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES.

CONVIERTE LO SIGUIENTE A ORACIONES NEGATIVAS E INTERROGATIVAS. TRADUCE LAS ORACIONES.

Example            

        AFFIRMATIVE                          NEGATIVE                            INTERROGATIVE

I studied with my friend.  I didn't study with my friend.  Did I study with my friend?      

1. My father worked all night.

2. The match began at 5 p.m.

3. My mom bought me a very nice dress!

4. I played with my dog.

5. Your boyfriend made a big mistake.

6. I cleaned my room.

7. You travelled from France.

8. My best friend wrote me a letter.